Drug addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder, affecting people from all walks of life.
Studies of acupuncture effects on drug addiction are intriguing in light of the fact that …

This paper is the thirty-eighth consecutive installment of the annual review of research
concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2015 …

Background We have recently shown that binge or heavy levels of alcohol drinking increase
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation and reduce gene expression of …

Background Opioid receptors are known to control neurotransmission of various peptidergic
neurons, but their potential role in regulation of microglia and neuronal cell communications …

The effect of preconception drinking by the mother on the life-long health outcomes of her
children is not known, and therefore, in this study using an animal model, we determined the …

Binge drinking is an increasingly common pattern of risky use associated with numerous
health problems, including alcohol use disorders. Because low basal plasma levels of β …

Previously it has been shown that fetal alcohol exposure increases the stress response
partly due to lowering stress regulatory proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) gene expression in the …

Alternative splicing and expression of splice variants of genes in the brain may lead to the
modulation of protein functions, which may ultimately influence behaviors associated with …

Background Microglia, a type of resident immune cells within the central nervous system,
have been implicated in ethanol-activated neuronal death of the stress regulatory …

Introduction: Early life ethanol exposure is known to program hypothalamic
proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons to express a reduced level of POMC and its control of …