Chaotic dynamics are thought to be rare in natural populations but this may be due to
methodological and data limitations, rather than the inherent stability of ecosystems …

The study of the population dynamics of a three-species Lotka–Volterra model is crucial in
gaining a deeper understanding of the delicate balance between prey and predator …

This paper investigates the dynamics of an improved discrete Leslie-Gower predator-prey
model with prey refuge and fear factor. First, a discrete Leslie-Gower predator-prey model …

This paper explores the effects of fear and refuge in a discrete-time two species predator–
prey model. The fraction of prey that seeks refuge is assumed to be proportional to the …

We investigate the dynamical behavior of a modified Leslie–Gower prey–predator model
with harvesting in prey population. In order to explore rich dynamics of the model, Euler …

The study of genetically engineered macrophages killing tumor cells has become the most
promising new direction of cancer therapy. In this paper, we consider discrete macrophages …

In this study, we investigate the resilience and bifurcation properties of a discrete-time
predator-prey model incorporating an Allee effect, the transfer of prey to predator energy …

This article analyzes a discrete-time three-species model of phytoplankton and zooplankton
with infochemical producing, non-infochemical producing, and zooplankton. It is assumed …

Abstract The classic Lotka–Volterra model is a two-dimensional system of differential
equations used to model population dynamics among two-species: a predator and its prey …

This paper examines a discrete predator–prey model that incorporates prey refuge and its
detrimental impact on the growth of the prey population. Age structure is taken into account …