The heme oxygenase (HO) enzyme system catabolizes heme to carbon monoxide (CO),
ferrous iron, and biliverdin-IXα (BV), which is reduced to bilirubin-IXα (BR) by biliverdin …

Bilirubin has several physiological functions, both beneficial and harmful. In addition to
reactive oxygen species-scavenging activities, bilirubin has potent immunosuppressive …

Recent research on bilirubin, a historically well-known waste product of heme catabolism,
suggests an entirely new function as a metabolic hormone that drives gene transcription by …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly followed by
vascular dementia. In addition to clinically diagnosed dementia, cognitive dysfunction has …

Over 65% of people with obesity display the metabolic-associated fatty liver disease
(MAFLD), which can manifest as steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, or liver cancer. The …

The nuclear receptor PPARα is associated with reducing adiposity, especially in the liver,
where it transactivates genes for β-oxidation. Contrarily, the function of PPARα in …

Mitophagy serves as a cardinal regulator in the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity,
function, and cardiovascular homeostasis, through the fine control and governance of …

Exercise is commonly prescribed as a lifestyle treatment for chronic metabolic diseases as it
functions as an insulin sensitizer, cardio-protectant, and essential lifestyle tool for effective …

The metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a condition of fat accumulation in
the liver in combination with metabolic dysfunction in the form of overweight or obesity and …

The important role of mitochondria in the regulation of white adipose tissue (WAT)
remodeling and energy balance is increasingly appreciated. The remarkable heterogeneity …