The host response to viral infection includes the induction of type I interferons and the
subsequent upregulation of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes. Ubiquitin-like protein …

Ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubl's) are conjugated to target proteins or lipids to regulate their
activity, stability, subcellular localization, or macromolecular interactions. Similar to ubiquitin …

Bacterial anti-phage systems are frequently clustered in microbial genomes, forming
defense islands. This property enabled the recent discovery of multiple defense systems …

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) are the central players in the trio of enzymes
responsible for the attachment of ubiquitin (Ub) to cellular proteins. Humans have∼ 40 E2s …

Since the discovery of interferons (IFNs), considerable progress has been made in
describing the nature of the cytokines themselves, the signalling components that direct the …

Attachment of ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins (known as UBLs) to their targets through
multienzyme cascades is a central mechanism to modulate protein functions. This process is …

Ubiquitin is the founding member of a family of structurally conserved proteins that regulate
a host of processes in eukaryotic cells. Ubiquitin and its relatives carry out their functions …

Following the discovery of protein modification by the small, highly conserved ubiquitin
polypeptide, a number of distinct ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) have been found to function …

ISG15 is a ubiquitin-like protein that functions in innate immunity both as an intracellular
protein modifier and as an extracellular signaling molecule that stimulates IFN-γ secretion …

Eukaryotic proteins can be modified through attachment to various small molecules and
proteins. One such modification is conjugation to ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins …