Cognitive pupillometry is the measurement of pupil size to investigate cognitive processes
such as attention, mental effort, working memory, and many others. Currently, there is no …

In this article, we discuss operationalizations and examples of experimental design in eye-
tracking research. First, we distinguish direct operationalization for entities like saccades …

More than 50 years ago, it was proposed that breathing shapes pupil dynamics. This
widespread idea is also the general understanding currently. However, there has been no …

Background Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS or taVNS) is a non-
invasive method of electrical stimulation of the afferent pathway of the vagus nerve …

Intercepting moving targets is a fundamental skill in human behavior, influencing various
domains such as sports, gaming, and other activities. In these contexts, precise visual …

Cognitive demand is thought to modulate two often used, but rarely combined, measures:
pupil size and neural α (8–12 Hz) oscillatory power. However, it is unclear whether these …

The human eye is a rich source of information about where, when, and how we attend. Our
gaze paths indicate where and what captures our attention, while changes in pupil size can …

Over the last decades, cognitive neuroscience has identified a distributed set of brain
regions that are critical for attention. Strong anatomical overlap with brain regions critical for …

Motivation plays a role when a listener needs to understand speech under acoustically
demanding conditions. Previous work has demonstrated pupil-linked arousal being …

Hearing impairment affects many older adults but is often diagnosed decades after speech
comprehension in noisy situations has become effortful. Accurate assessment of listening …