Early research on wartime violence against civilians highlighted a distinction between macro-
and micro-level approaches. Macro-level approaches, grounded in the international …

We explore the long-term political consequences of the Third Reich and show that current
political intolerance, xenophobia, and voting for radical right-wing parties are associated …

How do mass publics react to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT+) advocacy
efforts in socially conservative societies? We consider how the first-ever LGBT+ Pride in …

Can leveraging family history reduce xenophobia? Building on theories of group identity, we
show that a family history of forced relocation leaves an imprint on future generations and …

ABSTRACT A growing body of work has shown that aggregate shocks affect the formation of
preferences and beliefs. This article reviews evidence from sociology, social psychology …

Examining a key puzzle in the study of electoral violence, this study asks how elites organize
violence and why ordinary citizens participate. While existing theories of electoral violence …

How does civil conflict affect political engagement? As violence of various forms—from war
to terrorism—is becoming more frequent even in the developed world, understanding its …

How is the electoral behavior of minorities shaped by past violence? Recent studies found
that displacement increases hostility between perpetrators and displaced individuals, but …

We investigate the effect of violence against civilians on voting. Using data from elections in
Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1990 and 2014 and exploiting variation in war intensity …

Can territorial disputes within countries be a basis for affective polarization? If so, how does
it vary across territories? A burgeoning literature on affective polarization has largely …