Glutamate is one of the most prevalent neurotransmitters released by excitatory neurons in
the central nervous system (CNS); however, residual glutamate in the extracellular space is …

Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

A plethora of neurological disorders shares a final common deadly pathway known as
excitotoxicity. Among these disorders, ischemic injury is a prominent cause of death and …

Ischemic stroke refers to the disorder of blood supply of local brain tissue caused by various
reasons. It has high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Astrocytes are the most abundant …

An optimally functional brain requires both excitatory and inhibitory inputs that are regulated
and balanced. A perturbation in the excitatory/inhibitory balance—as is the case in some …

Extracellular adenine nucleotides play important roles in cell–cell communication and tissue
homeostasis. High concentrations of extracellular ATP released by dying cells are sensed …

Astrocytes are key homeostatic regulators in the central nervous system and play important
roles in physiology. After brain damage caused by eg, status epilepticus, traumatic brain …

The P2X7 receptor is a trimeric ATP-gated cation channel found predominantly, but not
exclusively, on immune cells. P2X7 activation results in a number of downstream events …

Neuroinflammation and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are rapidly induced in the
brain after acute cerebral injuries that are associated with an enhanced risk for epilepsy in …

Stroke is a serious neurological disease, and constitutes a major cause of death and
disability throughout the world. The pathophysiology of stroke is complex, and involves …