Randomized controlled trial is widely accepted as the best design for evaluating the efficacy
of a new treatment because of the advantages of randomization (random allocation) …

Reviews have repeatedly noted important methodological issues in the conduct and
reporting of cluster randomized controlled trials (C-RCTs). These reviews usually focus on …

Randomized experiments are the “gold standard” for estimating causal effects, yet often in
practice, chance imbalances exist in covariate distributions between treatment groups. If …

Background Analysis of variance (ANOVA), change-score analysis (CSA) and analysis of
covariance (ANCOVA) respond differently to baseline imbalance in randomized controlled …

Background Randomization is the foundation of any clinical trial involving treatment
comparison. It helps mitigate selection bias, promotes similarity of treatment groups with …

Adaptive designs allow planned modifications based on data accumulating within a study.
The promise of greater flexibility and efficiency stimulates increasing interest in adaptive …

Abstract Response-Adaptive Randomization (RAR) is part of a wider class of data-
dependent sampling algorithms, for which clinical trials are typically used as a motivating …

Since its introduction in 1974 the use of the term Minimization has been broadened to
include other algorithms. All algorithms use patient characteristics to determine the …

The covariate-adaptive randomization method was proposed for clinical trials long ago but
little theoretical work has been done for statistical inference associated with it. Practitioners …

Asymptotic properties of covariate-adaptive randomization Page 1 The Annals of Statistics
2012, Vol. 40, No. 3, 1794–1815 DOI: 10.1214/12-AOS983 © Institute of Mathematical …