During the last decades, there has been an increased interest in the discovery and
validation of biomarkers that reliably reflect specific aspects of lupus. Although many …

The urgent need for lupus biomarkers was demonstrated in September 2011 during a
Workshop sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration: Potential Biomarkers Predictive …

Objective To compare the performance characteristics of cell-bound complement (C4d)
activation products (CBCAPS) on erythrocyte (EC4d) and B cells (BC4d) with antibodies to …

Objective To determine the value of cell‐bound complement activation products in
combination with antinuclear antibody (ANA), anti–double‐stranded DNA antibody (anti …

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a chronic and disabling condition characterized by
recurrent thrombosis and miscarriages mediated by antibodies against phospholipid …

The complement system represents the first line of defense that is involved in the clearance
of pathogens, dying cells and immune complexes via opsonization, induction of an …

Background: Increasing studies in the last decade have led to the widespread
understanding that C4d, a split product of complement component 4 (C4), is a potential …

Glomerular microthrombosis (GMT) is a common vascular change in patients with lupus
nephritis (LN). The mechanism underlying GMT is still unknown. In our previous study, we …

Biomarkers have an important influence on the clinical decision-making processes involved
in diagnosis, assessment of disease activity, allocation of treatment, and determining …

Background We examined the usefulness of erythrocyte-bound C4d (EC4d) to monitor
disease activity in SLE. Methods Data and blood samples were collected from three different …