The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a complex solution that circulates around the CNS, and
whose composition changes as a function of an animal's physiological state. Ciliated …

The variety of taste sensations, including sweet, umami, bitter, sour, and salty, arises from
diverse taste cells, each of which expresses specific taste sensor molecules and associated …

Ion channels form the basis for cellular electrical signaling. Despite the scores of genetically
identified ion channels selective for other monatomic ions, only one type of proton-selective …

The sense of taste allows animals to sample chemicals in the environment prior to ingestion.
Of the five basic tastes, sour, the taste of acids, had remained among the most mysterious …

Abstract Ammonium (NH4+), a breakdown product of amino acids that can be toxic at high
levels, is detected by taste systems of organisms ranging from C. elegans to humans and …

With many exciting enhancements and robust online resources, the seventh edition of
Anatomy & Physiology for Speech, Language, and Hearing provides a solid foundation in …

Defects in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow may contribute to idiopathic scoliosis. However, the
mechanisms underlying detection of CSF flow in the central canal of the spinal cord are …

The sense of taste, or gustation, is mediated by taste buds, which are housed in specialized
taste papillae found in a stereotyped pattern on the surface of the tongue. Each bud …

Throughout vertebrates, cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) are ciliated cells
surrounding the central canal in the ventral spinal cord. Their contribution to modulate …

Humans can recognise five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami. Sour and salty
substances are linked to ion channels, while sweet, bitter and umami flavours are …