The clinical presentation of Parkinson's disease (PD) is both complex and heterogeneous,
and its precise classification often requires an intensive work-up. The differential diagnosis …

Given the clear role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and its
impact on incidence and phenotypical characteristics, this review provides an overview with …

Background Emerging evidence indicates that inflammasome-induced inflammation plays a
crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Several proteins including α …

Several parameters representing the clinical diversity of Parkinson's disease (PD), including
severity, phenotypes, cognitive decline, anxiety and depression were analyzed to examine …

One of the major mediators of neuroinflammation in PD is tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-
α), which, similar to other cytokines, is produced by activated microglia and astrocytes …

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of probiotic supplementation
on gene expression related to inflammation, insulin and lipid in patients with Parkinson's …

The recent validation of the α-synuclein seed amplification assay as a biomarker with high
sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease has formed the backbone …

Background Efforts to identify fluid biomarkers of Parkinson's disease (PD) have intensified
in the last decade. As the role of inflammation in PD pathophysiology becomes increasingly …

Background Inflammations play crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD),
however, their possible value in the diagnosis or tracking of the progress of PD is still limited …

Objective: To investigate the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines and the correlations
with Parkinson's disease (PD) clinical symptoms. Methods: Serum levels of the cytokines …