Fear, which can be expressed innately or after conditioning, is triggered when a danger or a
stimulus predicting immediate danger is perceived. Its role is to prepare the body to face this …

Associative memory formation is essential for an animal's survival by ensuring adaptive
behavioral responses in an ever-changing environment. This is particularly important under …

Animals learn to avoid harmful situations by associating a neutral stimulus with a painful
one, resulting in a stable threat memory. In mammals, this form of learning requires the …

The opioid epidemic has led to a serious examination of the use of opioids for the treatment
of pain. Opioid drugs are effective due to the expression of opioid receptors throughout the …

The brain comprises an excitatory/inhibitory neuronal network that maintains a finely tuned
balance of activity critical for normal functioning. Excitatory activity in the basolateral …

How fear is represented in the brain has generated a lot of research attention, not only
because fear increases the chances for survival when appropriately expressed but also …

Parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneurons in the hippocampus play a critical role in animal
memory, such as spatial working memory. However, how PV-positive interneurons in the …

Highlights•Populations of the amygdala complex drive positive and negative
valence.•Valence coding can be defined by neural responses to positive and negative …

The basolateral nuclear complex (BNC) of the amygdala consists of lateral, basolateral, and
basomedial nuclei in the rat, and homologous nuclei in the monkey (lateral, basal, and …

The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is a cortical structure based on its cell types, connectivity
features, and developmental characteristics. This part of the amygdala is considered to be …