TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is a versatile RNA/DNA binding protein involved in
RNA-related metabolism. Hyper-phosphorylated and ubiquitinated TDP-43 deposits act as …

Abstract Knowledge gained over the past 10 years about the mechanisms that underpin
autophagy has provided a universal framework for studies of diverse physiological and …

Pancreatic islet cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells hold great promise for
modeling and treating diabetes. Differences between stem-cell-derived and primary islets …

Autophagy is a dynamic process by which cytosolic material, including organelles, proteins,
and pathogens, are sequestered into membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, and then …

Selective degradation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER; reticulophagy) is a type of
autophagy involved in the removal of ER fragments. So far, amino acid starvation as well as …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a complex disease characterized by β-cell failure in the
setting of insulin resistance. The current evidence suggests that genetic predisposition, and …

The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a central regulator of metabolic
and nutrient cues that integrates environmental inputs into downstream signaling pathways …

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by a deficiency in β cell mass, increased β cell
apoptosis, and extracellular accumulation of islet amyloid derived from islet amyloid …

Introduction: Obesity and type 2 diabetes are growing health problems worldwide. The three
principal diabetogenic factors are adiposity, insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, and …

Failure of the unfolded protein response (UPR) to maintain optimal folding of pro-insulin in
the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to unresolved ER stress and β cell death. This …