• The specific situation of the patient. Unless otherwise provided for by national regulations,
off-label use of medication should be limited to situations where it is in the patient's interest …

The recommendations listed in this guideline are, whenever possible, evidence based. An
initial extensive evidence review, which included literature derived from research involving …

or therapeutic medical strategies. However, the ESC Guidelines do not override in any way
whatsoever the individual responsibility of health professionals to make appropriate and …

Coronary artery anomalies (CAAs) are a group of congenital conditions characterized by
abnormal origin or course of any of the 3 main epicardial coronary arteries. Although CAAs …

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is an arrhythmogenic disorder of the myocardium
not secondary to ischemic, hypertensive, or valvular heart disease. ACM incorporates a …

In the past 2 decades, a high prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as
obesity, physical inactivity, and poor diet, has been observed among young individuals …

The present document has been conceived as the European update to the American
College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA)/ESC 2006 Guidelines for …

A unique and highly versatile technique, stress echocardiography (SE) is increasingly
recognized for its utility in the evaluation of non-ischaemic heart disease. SE allows for …

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is an inherited heart muscle disorder, predisposing to
sudden cardiac death, particularly in young patients and athletes. Pathological features …

Despite major advancements in cardiovascular medicine, sudden cardiac death (SCD)
continues to be an enormous medical and societal challenge, claiming millions of lives …