Angiogenesis, the sprouting of new blood vessels from existing vessels, is one of six known
mechanisms employed by solid tumors to recruit blood vessels necessary for their initiation …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a restrictive lung disease that is associated with high
morbidity and mortality. Current medical therapies are not fully effective at limiting mortality …

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is characterized by aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition,
activation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and parenchymal disorganization, which have an …

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is primarily known as a proangiogenic factor and
is one of the most important growth and survival factors affecting the vascular endothelium …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) comprise a clan of proteins involved in identification and triggering
a suitable response against pathogenic attacks. As lung is steadily exposed to multiple …

Cytokines are key to control cellular communication. Interleukin-31 (IL-31) was recently
discovered as a new member of the IL-6 family of cytokines. IL-31 signals through a …

Background The IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα) chain has a broad expression pattern and
participates in IL-4 and IL-13 signaling, allowing it to influence several pathological …

Targeting immunomodulatory pathways has ushered a new era in lung cancer therapy.
Further progress requires deeper insights into the biology of immune cells in the lung cancer …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel type b
coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. With over 224 million confirmed …

Lung carcinoma is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is a non-immunogenic
cancer, resistant to immune surveillance. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) connect the innate to the …