Central and peripheral insulin-like peptides (ILPs), which include insulin, insulin-like growth
factor 1 (IGF1) and IGF2, exert many effects in the brain. Through their actions on brain …

In mammals, the neuroendocrine system, which includes the communication between the
hypothalamus and the pituitary, plays a major role in controlling body growth and cellular …

Hippocampal area CA2 has several features that distinguish it from CA1 and CA3, including
a unique gene expression profile, failure to display long-term potentiation and relative …

Regeneration refers to regrowth of tissue in the central nervous system. It includes
generation of new neurons, glia, myelin, and synapses, as well as the regaining of essential …

Newborn mice homozygous for a targeted disruption of insulin-like growth factor gene 1 (Igf-
1) exhibit a growth deficiency similar in severity to that prevlously observed in viable Igf-2 …

Cortical development depends on the active integration of cell-autonomous and extrinsic
cues, but the coordination of these processes is poorly understood. Here, we show that the …

Abstract Turnbull, Andrew V., and Catherine L. Rivier. Regulation of the Hypothalamic-
Pituitary-Adrenal Axis by Cytokines: Actions and Mechanisms of Action. Physiol. Rev. 79: 1 …

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is a polypeptide hormone structurally similar to insulin. It is
central to the somatotropic axis, acting downstream of growth hormone (GH). It activates …

Physical exercise increases brain activity through mechanisms not yet known. We now
report that in rats, running induces uptake of blood insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) by …

The ability of exercise to benefit neuronal and cognitive plasticity is well recognized. This
study reveals that the effects of exercise on brain neuronal and cognitive plasticity are in part …