Metastasis remains a pivotal characteristic of cancer and is the primary contributor to cancer-
associated mortality. Despite its significance, the mechanisms governing metastasis are not …

The tumor microenvironment is proposed to contribute substantially to the progression of
cancers, including breast cancer. Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the most …

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women and poses a serious threat to their
health. Despite familiarity with factors affecting its etiology, initiation, progression, treatment …

Despite the decline in death rate from breast cancer and recent advances in targeted
therapies and combinations for the treatment of metastatic disease, metastatic breast cancer …

Simple Summary Normal epithelial cells in our organs are surrounded by stroma, which is
an ecosystem made up of a variety of cells and proteins that support their intended functions …

Simple Summary Cancer onset and progression are promoted by high deregulation of the
immune system. Recently, major advances in molecular and clinical cancer immunology …

Tumor cells promote immune evasion through upregulation of programmed death-ligand 1
(PD-L1) that binds with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) on cytotoxic T cells and …

Fibroblasts, derived from the embryonic mesenchyme, are a diverse array of cells with roles
in development, homeostasis, repair, and disease across tissues. In doing so, fibroblasts …

Exosomes play a crucial role in the crosstalk between cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs)
and cancer cells, contributing to carcinogenesis and the tumour microenvironment. Recent …

Copper (Cu) is a vital micronutrient required for numerous fundamental biological
processes, but excessive Cu poses potential detrimental effects on public and ecosystem …