Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) frequently show symptoms of central
nervous system (CNS) involvement, termed neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE). The CNS …

Autoantibodies are abnormal antibodies which are generated by pathogenic B cells when
targeting an individual's own tissue. Autoantibodies have been identified as a symbol of …

Neutrophils and neutrophil-like cells are the major pathogen-fighting immune cells in
organisms ranging from slime molds to mammals. Central to their function is their ability to …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting multiple
organs. A complex interaction of genetics, environment, and hormones leads to immune …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important post-transcriptional regulators of gene
expression in many developmental and cellular processes. Moreover, there is now ample …

Background A vast diversity of microbes colonizes in the human gastrointestinal tract,
referred to intestinal microbiota. Microbiota and products thereof are indispensable for …

Over the last decades, a central role for vitamin D in immune modulation has been well
established. The active form of vitamin D, ie, 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D, through the …

The complement system plays an important role in the innate and acquired immune
response against pathogens. It consists of more than 30 proteins found in soluble form or …

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have become of concern for a variety f health
issues. Due to their effects on the endocrine system they have been thoroughly examined …

Sex based differences in immune responses, affecting both the innate and adaptive immune
responses, contribute to differences in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases in males and …