Background Combined immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) provides unprecedented efficacy
gains in numerous cancer indications, with PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab plus CTLA-4 inhibitor …

Background Treatment with checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-programmed death-1 (anti-PD-
1), anti-PD-ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1), and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (anti-CTLA-4) …

Aim The growing use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is associated with the
occurrence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Few data are published on systemic …

Background The prognosis of patients with unresectable or metastatic biliary tract cancer
(BTC) is unacceptably low. This study aimed to determine the efficacy, safety and predictive …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are changing the treatments of many patients with
cancer. These immunotherapies are generally better tolerated than chemotherapy, and their …

Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors, including antibodies against programmed death
1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), are being used with increasing …

Introduction With the increasing use of checkpoint inhibitors, rare immune-related adverse
events (irAE) are being identified. Haematological irAE (hem-irAE) are difficult to treat and …

Immune checkpoint blockade has demonstrated durable clinical benefits in a variety of
malignancies. These immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) produce unwanted autoimmune …

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)-mediated platelet destruction plays an important role in the
pathogenesis of primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). The programmed cell death …

Checkpoint inhibitor treatment induces a wide range of serious side-effects. However, with
prompt diagnosis and adequate treatment these can mostly be safely managed …