When people talk, they gesture, and those gestures often reveal information that cannot be
found in speech. Learners are no exception. A learner's gestures can index moments of …

Spatial skills are an important component of success in science, technology, engineering,
and math (STEM) fields. A majority of what we know about spatial skills today is a result of …

In representation-rich domains such as organic chemistry, students must be facile and
accurate when translating between different 2D representations, such as diagrams. We …

Sketching as a scientific practice goes beyond the simple act of inscribing diagrams onto
paper. Scientists produce a wide range of representations through sketching, as it is tightly …

Spatial thinking is central to many scientific domains and professions spatial ability predicts
success and participation in science. However spatial thinking is not is not emphasized in …

Visualizations are an increasingly important part of scientific education and discovery.
However, users often do not gain knowledge from them in a complete or efficient way. This …

Can students learn from viewing an instructor's model-supported demonstrations alone or
do they benefit from physically enacting the demonstrated concepts? This study investigated …

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effectiveness of interacting with
animations using mobile devices on grade 12 students' spatial and reasoning abilities. The …

In organic chemistry, spatial reasoning is critical for reasoning about spatial relationships in
three dimensions and representing spatial information in diagrams. Despite its importance …

Penetrative thinking, or the ability to visualize and reason about the interior structure of an
object based on what is visible on the surface, is critical for success in many science …