Mitochondria have recently emerged as key drivers of inflammation associated with cell
death. Many of the pro-inflammatory pathways activated during cell death occur upon …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a key cytokine regulating the development,
activation, proliferation, differentiation, and death of T cells. In CD4+ T cells, TGF-β maintains …

Transforming growth factor–β1 (TGF-β1) is inextricably linked to regulatory T cell (Treg)
biology. However, precisely untangling the role for TGF-β1 in Treg differentiation and …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an inflammatory condition still lacking effective treatments.
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been successfully employed in pre-clinical …

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been extensively tested for the treatment of
numerous clinical conditions and have demonstrated good safety but mixed efficacy …

Diet has been suggested to be a potential environmental risk factor for the increasing
incidence of autoimmune diseases, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here …

CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) are instrumental in the maintenance of immunological
tolerance. One critical question is whether Treg can only be generated in the thymus or can …

Patients with locally advanced cancer or distant metastasis frequently receive prolonged
treatment with chemotherapy and/or fractionated radiotherapy (RT). Despite the initial …

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired communication and
social interaction and may be accompanied by mental retardation and epilepsy. Its cause …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a potent regulatory cytokine with diverse effects on
hemopoietic cells. The pivotal function of TGF-β in the immune system is to maintain …