The last fifteen years have seen an explosive progress in our knowledge of how cell
proliferation and differentiation are regulated by extracellular factors. A few growth factors …

The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily encompasses a large group of soluble
extracellular proteins that are potent regulators of development in both vertebrates and …

Transcription factors, such as Oct4, are critical for establishing and maintaining pluripotent
cell identity. Whereas the genomic locations of several pluripotency transcription factors …

TRANSFORMING growth factor-β TGF-β is the prototype for a family of extracellular proteins
that affect cell proliferation and tissue differentiation1–3. TGF-β-related factors, including …

Secreted signalling molecules provide cells with positional information that organizes long-
range pattern during the development of multicellular animals. Evidence is presented that …

Abstract Townes-Brocks syndrome (IBS, OMIM# 107480) is a rare autosomal-dominant
malformation syndrome with a combination of anal, renal, limb and ear anomalies1 …

Abstract Hedgehog (HH) and Decapentaplegic (DPP) direct anteroposterior patterning in the
developing Drosophila wing by functioning as short-and long-range morphogens …

The TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β)-related signalling proteins, including
Decapentaplegic (Dpp) in Drosophila and bone morphogenic proteins and activin in …

Over many years evidence has accumulated that plants and animals can regulate growth
with reference to overall size rather than cell number. Thus, organs and organisms grow …

SALL1 is a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila region-specific homeotic gene spalt (sal);
heterozygous mutations in SALL1 in humans lead to Townes-Brocks syndrome. We have …