The synthetic progestins used for contraception so far are structurally related either to
testosterone (estranes and gonanes) or to progesterone (pregnanes and 19-norpregnanes) …

The molecular complexity of biological tissue and the spatial and temporal variation in the
biological processes involved in human disease requires new technologies and new …

Background: Previous studies convincingly showed an increase in risk of breast cancer
associated with current or recent use of oral contraceptives from the 1960s to 1980s. The …

Previous studies of oral contraceptives and breast cancer indicate that recent use slightly
increases risk, but most studies relied on self-reported use and did not examine …

Estetrol (E4) is the most recently described natural estrogen. It is produced by the human
fetal liver during pregnancy and its physiological function remains unclear. E4 is the …

Background Oral contraceptive use has been associated with a higher breast cancer risk;
however, evidence for the associations between different oral contraceptive formulations …

Background: Evidence suggests that recent oral contraceptive (OC) use is associated with a
small increased breast cancer risk; yet risks associated with contemporary OC preparations …

It is not clear if early oral contraceptive use increases the risk of breast cancer among young
women with a breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) mutation. Given the benefit of …

Background and objectives It has been suggested that taking oral contraceptives (OCs) may
increase breast cancer incidence. However, data in this regard are inconsistent. We …

Results Oligo-anovulation in adolescents, if persistent, is a matter for concern. Hirsutism and
moderate to severe acne in adolescent females should be considered as clinical …