The analogy of mitochondria as powerhouses has expired. Mitochondria are living, dynamic,
maternally inherited, energy-transforming, biosynthetic, and signaling organelles that …

Mitochondria are a main source of cellular energy. Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is
the major process of aerobic respiration. Enzyme complexes of the electron transport chain …

Coenzyme Q (or ubiquinone) is a redox-active lipid that serves as universal electron carrier
in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and antioxidant in the plasma membrane limiting lipid …

Abstract Iron-sulfur (Fe–S) clusters are essential cofactors most commonly known for their
role mediating electron transfer within the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The Fe–S cluster …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are series of chemical products originated from one or
several electron reductions of oxygen. ROS are involved in physiology and disease and can …

Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a remarkably hydrophobic, redox-active lipid that empowers diverse
cellular processes. Although most known for shuttling electrons between mitochondrial …

The carotid body (CB) is the main peripheral chemoreceptor for arterial respiratory gases O2
and CO2 and pH, eliciting reflex ventilatory, cardiovascular, and humoral responses to …

Mitochondrial complex I is central to the pathological reactive oxygen species (ROS)
production that underlies cardiac ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury. ND6-P25L mice are …

Oxygen (O2) sensing by the carotid body is critical for maintaining cardiorespiratory
homeostasis during hypoxia. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) signaling is implicated in carotid body …

Classically considered a by-product of anaerobic metabolism, lactate is now viewed as a
fundamental fuel for oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, and preferred over glucose …