Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a major and silent cause of various morbidity and
mortality for the fetal and neonatal population. It is defined as a rate of fetal growth that is …

Children born small for gestational age (SGA), defined as a birth weight and/or length
below− 2 SD score (SDS), comprise a heterogeneous group. The causes of SGA are …

Invasion of extravillous trophoblast cell types into maternal uterine tissues is essential for
successful human placental development and progression of pregnancy. Whereas …

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is defined as growth of fetus below its in-utero growth
potential. Small for gestational age (SGA) is defined as newborn with birth weight less than …

Homeobox (Hox) genes encode homeodomain-containing transcription factors critical to
development, differentiation, and homeostasis. Their dysregulation has been implicated in …

The placenta is responsible for all nutrient and gas exchange between mother and baby
during pregnancy. The differentiation of specialised placental epithelial cells called …

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is caused by poor placental development and function early in
gestation. It is well known that placentas from women with FGR exhibit reduced cell growth …

Suboptimal conditions in utero are associated with the development of adult‐onset diseases
in offspring. Uteroplacental insufficiency in rats is a well‐established animal model used to …

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) has a prevalence of about 10% worldwide and is associated
with an increased risk of perinatal mortality and morbidity. FGR is commonly caused by …

Homeobox proteins are transcription factors known to be involved in the molecular basics of
body model formation and transformation. Some homeobox proteins are known to play …