The culmination of the glaciers in the European Alps during the Last Glacial Maximum
(LGM) is one of the most intensively studied paleoglaciological events, but its trigger and …

Speleothems from cold high-elevation (and high-latitude) caves are sensitive
paleoenvironmental archives, because they form close to the freezing point of water, and …

Coarsely crystalline carbonates that formed cryogenically in caves (CCC coarse for short)
are important paleoenvironmental archives that provide evidence of former perennial ice …

Cryogenic cave carbonates (CCC) represent a specific type of speleothem precipitating from
freezing water in caves. Over the past decade, considerable progress has been made …

Damage to speleothems is a common phenomenon in mid-latitude caves, and multiple
causes have been proposed. Here we report on one of such type of damage, namely …

Ice caves are one of the least studied parts of the cryosphere, particularly those located in
inaccessible permafrost areas at high altitudes or high latitudes. We characterize the climate …

Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient that affects biological production. Iron-containing clay
minerals are an important source of bioavailable iron. However, the dissolution of iron …

Frozen water is the most widespread type of ice present in ice caves and forms ice
stalagmites and stalactites as well as floor ice, which is often several meters thick. Organic …

Ikaite is a calcium carbonate hexahydrate that forms at temperatures close to the freezing
point of water; thus, its occurrence is associated with cryogenic conditions. This mineral is …

Shulgan-Tash (also known as Kapova) cave located on the western slope of the Ural
Mountains (Russia) is the easternmost European cave art monument of late Palaeolithic …