Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that attacks almost every
organ. The condition mostly happens to adults but is also found in children, and the latter …

Macrophages are innate immune cells in the organism and can be found in almost tissues
and organs. They are highly plastic and heterogeneous cells and can participate in the …

Lupus nephritis (LN) is a serious complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that
occurs in about half of patients. LN is characterized by glomerular deposition of immune …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with acute and chronic inflammation of the
gastrointestinal tract and has emerged to be a global disease. Spermidine, a natural …

The macrophage is an essential part of the innate immune system and also serves as the
bridge between innate immunity and adaptive immune response. As the initiator and …

Background Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a progressive inflammatory autoimmune
disease. Immune cell infiltration into glandular lobules and ducts and glandular destruction …

Immunomodulatory commensal bacteria modify host immunity through delivery of regulatory
microbial-derived products to host cells. Extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs) secreted …

Background In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), macrophages play an important role in modulating
the immunoinflammatory response through their polarisation into “classically”(M1) or …

Inflammation is a life-saving immune reaction occurring in response to invading pathogens.
Nonetheless, inflammation can also occur in an uncontrolled, unrestricted manner, leading …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a spectrum of autoimmune disorders characterized
by continuous inflammation and the production of autoantibodies. Monocytes, as precursors …