Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic, debilitating psychiatric disorder that can
follow exposure to extreme stressful experiences. It is characterised by hyperarousal and …

Most gastrointestinal diseases and disorders (GIDD) are associated with depression,
anxiety, and cognitive dysfunction. This suggests that shared features of GIDD, particularly …

Central sensitization refers to the amplification of pain by central nervous system
mechanisms. Classically described as a consequence of ongoing nociceptive input, it is …

Methods The manuscript covers the concept of diagnostic phenotyping, use of
endophenotypes, biomarkers, and symptom clusters. Specifically, the components of CS that …

Objective Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a highly prevalent disorder of the gut-brain
interaction characterized by abdominal discomfort and pain associated with altered bowel …

Pain can be elicited through all mammalian sensory pathways yet cross-modal sensory
integration, and its relationship to clinical pain, is largely unexplored. Centralized chronic …

Objective To compare a central analgesic mechanism known as diffuse noxious inhibitory
controls (DNIC) using somatic test stimuli and somatic conditioning stimuli,(CS) in irritable …

The characterization of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of neuroendocrine
regulatory peptides, the cloning and pharmacological characterization of two CRF receptor …

Objective In women presenting to gynaecological clinics with lower abdominal pain, the
cause is frequently attributed to endometriosis irrespective of whether it is found to be …

Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is a complex medical condition associated with low dose
chemical exposures. MCS is characterized by diverse features and common comorbidities …