Background The effects of vitamin D on fractures, falls, and bone mineral density are
uncertain, particularly for high vitamin D doses. We aimed to determine the effect of vitamin …

Objective To determine whether increasing calcium intake from dietary sources affects bone
mineral density (BMD) and, if so, whether the effects are similar to those of calcium …

Background A large number of observational studies have reported harmful effects of low 25-
hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels on non-skeletal outcomes. We performed a systematic …

Background Internationally, concern has been repeatedly raised about the little notable
progress in the collection, analysis and use of population micronutrient status and deficiency …

Background Vitamin D and related compounds have been used to prevent osteoporotic
fractures in older people. This is the third update of a Cochrane review first published in …

Background Available evidence on the effects of vitamin D on mortality has been
inconclusive. In a recent systematic review, we found evidence that vitamin D 3 may …

Background Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with many disorders, leading to calls for
widespread supplementation. Some investigators suggest that more clinical trials to test the …

Both 25-autoimmunity and (25 (OH) D: calcifediol) and its active form, 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin
D (1, 25 (OH) 2D: calcitriol), play critical roles in protecting humans from invasive pathogens …

Dietary supplements are widely used and offer the potential to improve health if
appropriately targeted to those in need. Inadequate nutrition and micronutrient deficiencies …

Background Whether calcium supplementation can reduce osteoporotic fractures is
uncertain. We did a meta-analysis to include all the randomised trials in which calcium, or …