The multi-chambered mammalian heart arises from a simple tube by polar elongation,
myocardial differentiation and morphogenesis. Members of the large family of T-box (Tbx) …

Molecular and genetic studies around the turn of this century have revolutionized the field of
cardiac development. We now know that the primary heart tube, as seen in the early embryo …

The contraction pattern of the heart relies on the activation and conduction of the electrical
impulse. Perturbations of cardiac conduction have been associated with congenital and …

Perturbations in cardiac development result in congenital heart disease, the leading cause
of birth defect–related infant morbidity and mortality. Advances in cardiac developmental …

Organoids, or miniaturized organs formed in vitro, hold potential to revolutionize how
researchers approach and answer fundamental biological and pathological questions. In the …

The rhythmic contraction of the heart is initiated and controlled by an intrinsic pacemaker
system. Cardiac contractions commence at very early embryonic stages and coordination …

Embryo-environment interactions affecting cardio-respiratory development in vertebrates
have been extensively studied, but an equally extensive conceptual framework for …

Background The cardiac conduction system consists of the sinus node, nodal extensions,
atrioventricular (AV) node, penetrating bundle, bundle branches, and P urkinje fibers. Node …

A carrier system for gases and nutrients became mandatory when primitive animals grew
larger and developed different organs. The first circulatory systems are peristaltic tubes …

The right ventricle has long been perceived as the “low pressure bystander” of the left
ventricle. Although the structure consists of, at first glance, the same cardiomyocytes as the …