Background and Purpose—As a result of advances in surgical, anesthetic, and medical
management, cardiac surgery can now be performed on older, sicker patients, some of …

From the SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY. Address reprint requests to
Marina Svyatets, MD, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 240 East 47th Street, Apt 20E, New …

Objectives: Although retrograde cerebral perfusion has become a popular adjunctive
technique and may improve cerebral ischemic tolerance during hypothermic circulatory …

Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) has been used for the past 50 years in the
surgical repair of complex congenital cardiac malformations and operations involving the …

Background. Ischemic preconditioning is an endogenous mechanism whereby brief periods
of ischemia render neurons resistant to subsequent lethal insults. This protection appears to …

Apoptosis occurs during normal development of an organism but also plays an important
role under pathophysiological conditions. Nitric oxide (NO) exhibits a double-edged role in …

Perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) is being studied in laboratory models
that allow the delayed cascade of events triggered by the energetic insult to be examined in …

BACKGROUND: Prolonged hypothermic circulatory arrest results in neuronal cell death and
neurologic injury. We have previously shown that hypothermic circulatory arrest causes both …

Nitric oxide mediates glutamate-induced excitotoxicity associated with cerebral hypoxia–
ischemia through production in the brain by several isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) …

Nitric oxide (nitrogen monoxide, NO) exerts a wide profile of its biological activities via
regulation of respiration and respiration-dependent functions. The presence of nitric oxide …