Treating large bone defects, known as critical-sized defects (CSDs), is challenging because
they are not spontaneously healed by the patient's body. Due to the limitations associated …

Tissue Engineering (TE) is a branch of Regenerative Medicine (RM) that combines stem
cells and biomaterial scaffolds to create living tissue constructs to restore patients' organs …

Cellular senescence is associated with inflammation and extracellular matrix tissue
remodeling through the secretion of proteins termed the senescence-associated secretory …

The purpose of this review is to provide a brief overview of bioreactor‐based culture systems
as alternatives to conventional two‐and three‐dimensional counterparts. The role …

Approx. every third hospitalized patient in Europe suffers from musculoskeletal injuries or
diseases. Up to 20% of these patients need costly surgical revisions after delayed or …

Abstract Purpose of Review Novel therapies for damaged and diseased bone are being
developed in a preclinical testing process consisting of in vitro cell experiments followed by …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease leading to degeneration of articular cartilage,
causing morbidity in approximately 8.5 million of the UK population. As the dense …

The integrity of the skeleton is maintained by the coordinated and balanced activities of the
bone cells. Osteoclasts resorb bone, osteoblasts form bone, and osteocytes orchestrate the …

One of the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorders is Alzheimer's disease
which globally threatening the health of elderly people. Although there are several …

Since the fifth century BC, there have been reports of scientific experiments involving
animals, but their use has become more frequent since the nineteenth century. Animal …