Learning the value of stimuli and actions from others—social learning—adaptively
contributes to individual survival and plays a key role in cultural evolution. We review …

The human species possesses two complementary, yet distinct, universal communication
systems—language and music. Functional imaging studies have revealed that some core …

Research from recent decades has highlighted the distinction between excitatory and
inhibitory Pavlovian learning mechanisms. Based on this distinction, state-of-the-art …

Fear is widely recognized as a defensive emotion that has developed as a consequence of
its adaptive function in protecting the entire animal kingdom from danger, ensuring the …

We conducted genome-wide association analyses of over 250,000 participants of European
(EUR) and African (AFR) ancestry from the Million Veteran Program using electronic health …

The role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) in human pavlovian threat
conditioning has been relegated largely to the extinction or reversal of previously acquired …

The neural mechanisms that support naturalistic learning via effective pedagogical
approaches remain elusive. Here we used functional near-infrared spectroscopy to measure …

In the whole animal kingdom, fear learning is an essential process that allows living beings
to survive. Therefore, revealing the neurophysiological processes that govern the …

Numerous animal studies have demonstrated that fear acquisition and expression rely on
the coordinated activity of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and amygdala and that theta …

Counterconditioning refers both to the technique and putative process by which behavior is
modified through a new association with a stimulus of an opposite valence. Similar to …