Changes in the composition of the gut microbiota are associated with many human
diseases. So far, however, we have failed to define homeostasis or dysbiosis by the …

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant carcinomas. CRC is
characterized by asymptomatic onset, and most patients are already in the middle and …

A Western-style, high-fat diet promotes cardiovascular disease, in part because it is rich in
choline, which is converted to trimethylamine (TMA) by the gut microbiota. However, whether …

Colitis develops via the convergence of environmental, microbial, immunological, and
genetic factors. The medicine 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) is widely used in clinical …

The gut microbiota plays a role in many human diseases, but high-throughput sequence
analysis does not provide a straightforward path for defining healthy microbial communities …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease,
that includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), having progressively …

Oxygen (O 2) availability is a key factor regulating microbiota composition and the
homeostatic function of cells in the intestinal mucosa of vertebrates. Microbiota-derived …

Abstract Background Aberrant tryptophan (Trp)-kynurenine (Kyn) metabolism has been
implicated in the pathogenesis of human disease. In particular, populations with long-term …

Carbohydrate intolerance, commonly linked to the consumption of lactose, fructose, or
sorbitol, affects up to 30% of the population in high-income countries. Although sorbitol …

The gut microbiota prevents harmful microbes from entering the body, a function known as
colonization resistance. The enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar (S.) Typhimurium …