Purpose Despite its worldwide reputation as an effective solution to sustainable building
development and energy efficiency, green roofs in Malaysian cities are rarely accessible …

A significant number of injuries and fatalities occur annually due to fire in buildings. The
proactive use of fire safety measures at the design stage can potentially lead to a …

Dynamic exit signs are generally considered to outperform static ones in guiding evacuees
toward exits in the changeable indoor environment during an emergency. However, a …

Emergency guidance signage systems (EGSSs) are widely used to guide crowd evacuation
in underground spaces. However, the absence of signs often reduces the evacuation …

Indoor navigation is difficult in large and complex navigation decision points. Helping
occupants navigate more easily in these spaces is one of the important means to improve …

During building emergencies, an effective and visible primary search plan enhances
situation awareness and enables a more efficient rescue mission. The aim of the primary …

Guidance signage placement is a fundamental operation for crowd control in public places.
The current methods mainly rely on manual design or mathematical models, which are not …

To overcome the difficulties of quantitatively optimizing and evaluating evacuation guidance
systems, we proposed a perception model based on virtual reality (VR) experiments and the …

The visibility analysis of signage systems is critical for optimizing the built environment.
Conventional methods often focus on modeling the signage's maximum coverage area …

Effective evacuation guidance can guarantee people's safety by facilitating their swiftly exit
hazardous areas during an emergency. However, pre-determined guidance plans based …