ABSTRACT A recent Perspective article described the “carbohydrate-insulin model (CIM)” of
obesity, asserting that it “better reflects knowledge on the biology of weight control” as …

Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators have a wide range of key roles throughout the
nervous system. However, their dynamics in both health and disease have been challenging …

Western diets rich in fat and sugar promote excess calorie intake and weight gain; however,
the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Despite a well-documented association between …

Application of the physical laws of energy and mass conservation at the whole-body level is
not necessarily informative about causal mechanisms of weight gain and the development of …

Systemic metabolism has to be constantly adjusted to the variance of food intake and even
be prepared for anticipated changes in nutrient availability. Therefore, the brain integrates …

Dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA DA) respond to food and social
stimuli and contribute to both forms of motivation. However, it is unclear whether the same or …

Neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) that express agouti‐related peptide
(AgRP) govern a critical aspect of survival: the drive to eat. Equally important to survival is …

The overconsumption of highly caloric and palatable foods has caused a surge in obesity
rates in the past half century, thereby posing a healthcare challenge due to the array of …

Survival under selective pressure is driven by the ability of our brain to use sensory
information to our advantage to control physiological needs. To that end, neural circuits …

Insulin acts on neurons and glial cells to regulate systemic glucose metabolism and feeding.
However, the mechanisms of insulin access in discrete brain regions are incompletely …