Cancer development and its response to therapy are regulated by inflammation, which
either promotes or suppresses tumor progression, potentially displaying opposing effects on …

Cytokines are critical in regulating immune responses and cellular behavior, playing dual
roles in both normal physiology and the pathology of diseases such as cancer. These …

To defense harmful stimuli or maintain the immune homeostasis, the body produces and
recruits a superfamily of cytokines such as interleukins, interferons, chemokines etc. Among …

Immunotherapy holds great promise for treating cancer. Nonetheless, T cell-based
immunotherapy of solid tumors has remained challenging, largely due to the lack of …

Tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a dynamic network of non-tumoral stromal cells,
including cancer-associated fibroblasts, endothelial cells, tumor-associated macrophages …

Tumor‑associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant population type of tumor‑
infiltrating immune cells found in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and are evolutionarily …

Cancer immunotherapy is a type of treatment that harnesses the power of the immune
systems of patients to target cancer cells with better precision compared to traditional …

Simple Summary Epigenetic mechanisms including methylation play an essential role in
regulating gene expression not only in cancer cells but also in immune cells. Although role …

As one of the most abundant immune cell populations in the tumor microenvironment (TME),
tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) play important roles in multiple solid malignancies …

Cancer was thought to be caused solely by genetic mutations in oncogenes and tumor
suppressor genes. In the last 35 years, however, epigenetic changes have been …