Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signaling molecules in cancer. The level of
ROS will determine physiological effects. While high levels of ROS can cause damage to …

Awareness that the metabolic phenotype of cells within tumours is heterogeneous—and
distinct from that of their normal counterparts—is growing. In general, tumour cells …

Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent cellular degradation program that responds to a variety
of environmental and cellular stresses. It is an evolutionarily well-conserved and essential …

Fibroblasts in the tumor stroma are well recognized as having an indispensable role in
carcinogenesis, including in the initiation of epithelial tumor formation. The association …

Higher organisms rely on a closed cardiovascular circulatory system with blood vessels
supplying vital nutrients and oxygen to distant tissues. Not surprisingly, vascular pathologies …

Malignant transformation of cells leads to enhanced glucose uptake and the conversion of a
larger fraction of pyruvate into lactate, even under normoxic conditions; this phenomenon of …

Contrary to conventional wisdom, functional mitochondria are essential for the cancer cell.
Although mutations in mitochondrial genes are common in cancer cells, they do not …

Autophagy maintains cell, tissue and organism homeostasis through degradation. Complex
post-translational modulation of the Atg (autophagy-related) proteins adds additional entry …

It is a longstanding debate whether cancer is one disease or a set of very diverse diseases.
The goal of this paper is to suggest strongly that most of (if not all) the hallmarks of cancer …

Mitophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process which selectively eliminates
dysfunctional mitochondria by targeting them to the autophagosome for degradation …