Autophagy (self-eating) is a conserved cellular degradation process that plays important
roles in maintaining homeostasis and preventing nutritional, metabolic, and infection …

Angiogenesis plays a critical role within the human body, from the early stages of life (ie,
embryonic development) to life-threatening diseases (eg, cancer, heart attack, stroke, wound …

Vascular damage of hypertension has been the focus of hypertension treatment, and
endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play an important role in the repair of vascular …

Osteonecrosis, which is typically induced by trauma, glucocorticoid abuse, or alcoholism, is
one of the most severe diseases in clinical orthopedics. Osteonecrosis often leads to joint …

Steroid-associated osteonecrosis (SAON) often requires surgical core decompression (CD)
in the early stage for removal of necrotic bone to facilitate repair where bone grafts are …

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease caused by disorders of insulin secretion and
utilization. Long-term hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and disorders of glucose and lipid …

The pace of bone formation slows down with aging, which leads to the development of
osteoporosis. In addition to senescent bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (S-BMSCs) …

Ischemic diseases, such as ischemic heart diseases and ischemic stroke, are the leading
cause of death worldwide. Angiogenic therapy is a wide-ranging approach to fighting …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among all
types of diseases in the world, affecting many millions of individuals every year. CVD …

Autophagy is a cell survival process which is related to breaking down and reusing
cytoplasm components. Moreover, autophagy regulates cell death under certain conditions …