Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a highly common complication and the first cause of death
in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on haemodialysis (HD). In this population …

Numerous studies have indicated that the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to
end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is strictly associated with the accumulation of toxic …

Complex diseases, such as coronary artery disease (CAD), are often multifactorial, caused
by multiple underlying pathological mechanisms. Here, to study the multifactorial nature of …

A growing number of publications supports a biologic effect of the protein-bound uremic
retention solutes indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate. However, the use of unrealistically high …

The host–gut microbiota interaction has been the focus of increasing interest in recent years.
It has been determined that this complex interaction is not only essential to many aspects of …

Homeostasis is a prerequisite for health. When homeostasis becomes disrupted, dysfunction
occurs. This is especially the case for the gut microbiota, which under normal conditions …

Results Increasing dietary fiber for 6 weeks significantly reduced the unbound, free plasma
level of indoxyl sulfate (median− 29%[25th percentile, 75th percentile,− 56,− 12] for fiber …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by accumulation of protein-bound uremic
toxins such as p-cresyl sulfate, p-cresyl glucuronide, indoxyl sulfate and indole-3-acetic acid …

Background. Indoxyl sulphate (IS) and p-cresyl sulphate (PCS) are uraemic toxins that have
similar protein binding, dialytic clearance and proinflammatory features. However, only a few …

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at a highly increased risk of cardiovascular
complications, with increased vascular inflammation, accelerated atherogenesis and …