The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter-and intra-
cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival …

RAF family kinases were among the first oncoproteins to be described more than 30 years
ago. They primarily act as signalling relays downstream of RAS, and their close ties to …

The RAF family of kinases includes key activators of the pro-tumourigenic mitogen-activated
protein kinase pathway. Hyperactivation of RAF proteins, particularly BRAF and CRAF …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases comprise a family of ubiquitous proline-directed,
protein-serine/threonine kinases, which participate in signal transduction pathways that …

Since their discovery over 20 years ago, the RAF proteins have been intensely studied. For
most of that time, the focus of the field has been the C-RAF isoform and its role as an effector …

Abstract The Ras/Raf/Mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK)/extracellular-
signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade couples signals from cell surface receptors to …

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Phosphatidic acid (PA) is a critical phospholipid constituent in eukaryotic cell membranes,
which accounts for 1À4% of the total lipid. 1 This lipophilic glycerophospholipid has a …

The Raf-1 kinase is an important signaling molecule, functioning in the Ras pathway to
transmit mitogenic, differentiative, and oncogenic signals to the downstream kinases MEK …

Within the last 15 years, multiple new signal transduction pathways within cells have been
discovered. Many of these pathways belong to what is now termed 'the mitogen-activated …