Radiotherapy (RT), including external beam RT and internal radiation therapy, uses high-
energy ionizing radiation to kill tumor cells. However, ionizing radiation inevitably damages …

Initiating and maintaining optimal immune responses requires high levels of protein
synthesis, folding, modification and trafficking in leukocytes, which are processes …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a cellular organelle important for regulating calcium
homeostasis, lipid metabolism, protein synthesis, and posttranslational modification and …

Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance in cellular redox state due to the accumulation of
reactive oxygen species (ROS). While homeostatic levels of ROS are important for cell …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a critical site of protein, lipid, and glucose metabolism,
lipoprotein secretion, and calcium homeostasis. Many of the sensing, metabolizing, and …

Despite the capacity of chaperones and other homeostatic components to restore folding
equilibrium, cells appear poorly adapted for chronic oxidative stress that increases in cancer …

The voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) of the outer mitochondrial membrane
mediates metabolic flow, Ca2+, and cell death signaling between the endoplasmic reticulum …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as an intracellular Ca2+ store not only sets up cytosolic
Ca2+ signals, but, among other functions, also assembles and folds newly synthesized …

More than a billion years ago, bacterial precursors of mitochondria became endosymbionts
in what we call eukaryotic cells today. The true significance of the word “endosymbiont” has …

Neurodegenerative diseases, a subset of age-driven diseases, have been known to exhibit
increased oxidative stress. The resultant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) has …