Research in doping has focused on potential intervention strategies, increasingly targeting
predicting factors. Yet, findings are inconsistent, mostly athlete-centred and explain only …

Background The creation of the World Anti-Doping Agency in 1999 and the first
implementation of the Anti-Doping Code in 2004 established institutional and legal level …

The sense of crisis that pervades global sport suggests that the war on doping is still very far
from being won. In this critical and provocative study of anti-doping regimes in global sport …

Background One main purpose of the World Anti-Doping Agency was to harmonize anti-
doping efforts, including the provision of anti-doping education. A multifaceted approach to …

Background In sport the narrative is changing from anti-doping to pro-clean sport. Yet, our
understanding of what 'clean sport'means to athletes is notably absent from the literature …

Objectives Anti-doping policies represent a group of regulations and procedures that are
applied by anti-doping organizations in order to safeguard sports against doping. Evidence …

Education is a fundamental pillar of anti-doping. With the International Standard for
Education (ISE) coming into effect in 2021, understanding the status quo of anti-doping …

The creation of WADA contributed to harmonization of anti‐doping and changed doping
behavior and prevalence in the past 22 years. However, the system has developed …

This article presents athletes' perspective on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and the
Code (WADC). Following a brief historical overview on athletes' view on doping controls, the …

Biological testing is a key component of the current anti-doping programme implemented by
the authorities to detect doping in sports. Strategies such as longitudinal individualised data …