Immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and adoptive cell therapy
(ACT) have revolutionized cancer treatment, especially in patients whose disease was …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signalling controls multiple cell fate decisions during
development and tissue homeostasis; hence, dysregulation of this pathway can drive …

Natural killer (NK) cells, a subgroup of innate lymphoid cells, act as the first line of defense
against cancer. Although some evidence shows that NK cells can develop in secondary …

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a crucial enforcer of immune homeostasis and
tolerance, inhibiting the expansion and function of many components of the immune system …

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a pleiotropic molecule with associated antiproliferative, pro-
apoptotic and antitumor mechanisms. This effector cytokine, often considered as a major …

Recent studies have highlighted the biological significance of RNA N 6-methyladenosine (m
6 A) modification in tumorigenicity and progression. However, it remains unclear whether m …

Many epithelial tumors grow in the vicinity of or metastasize to adipose tissue. As tumors
develop, crosstalk between adipose tissue and cancer cells leads to changes in adipocyte …

Cytokines play a critical role in regulating host immune response toward cancer and
determining the overall fate of tumorigenesis. The tumor microenvironment is dominated …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in both suppressive
and inflammatory immune responses. After 30 years of intense study, we have only begun to …

Blockade of PD-L1 expression on tumor cells via anti–PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (mAb)
has shown great promise for successful cancer treatment by overcoming T-cell exhaustion; …