In recent years, the concept of Agriculture 4.0 has emerged as an evolution of precision
agriculture (PA) through the diffusion of the Internet of things (IoT). There is a perception that …

Evapotranspiration (ET) is needed in a range of applications in hydrology, climatology,
ecology, and agriculture. Remote sensing-based estimation is the only viable and …

Remote sensing-based surface energy balance algorithms have been used to estimate
water use of various crops. However, citrus evapotranspiration (ET) estimation is …

Estimating daily continuous evapotranspiration (ET) can significantly enhance the
monitoring of crop stress and drought on regional scales, as well as benefit the design of …

Leaf wetness duration (LWD) and plant diseases are strongly associated with each other.
Therefore, LWD is a critical ecological variable for plant disease risk assessment. However …

Highlights Three contextual-based (CB) and two pixel-based (PB) models were evaluated to
estimate ET of rainfed winter wheat. Instantaneous available energy estimation and ET …

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a critical component of the water and energy balances, and the
number of remote sensing-based ET products and estimation methods has increased in …

The reliability of evapotranspiration (ET) models is crucial to comprehending land–
atmosphere interactions and water balance dynamics in various available resources of the …

Remote Sensing evapotranspiration models are critical in order to understand the cycling of
water in the environment. Initially, an outline of the concepts related to evapotranspiration …

Drought affects the agricultural sector, posing challenges for farm management, particularly
among medium-and small-scale producers. This study calculates the Standardized …