Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is unique among epithelial carcinomas in its divergent
pathways of tumorigenesis. Low-grade papillary tumours rarely become muscle-invasive …

Statins (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors–HMG-CoA reductase
inhibitors) have been approved for the treatment of lipid disorders. Recently, in vivo studies …

The critical pathways determining the resistance of tumor cells to ionizing radiation are
poorly defined. Because the ras oncogene, a gene activated in many human cancers treated …

Embracing the transformation of radiation sciences by the recent surge of developments in
molecular biology, this progressive text offers an up-to-date analysis of in vitro and in vivo …

Mutationally activated and oncogenic versions of the ras genes were first identified in human
tumors in 1982. This discovery prompted great interest in the development of anti-Ras …

Previous studies have argued that enhanced activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor
(EGFR) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway can promote tumor cell …

Standard treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer is cystectomy. Trimodality treatment,
including transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT), radiation therapy and …

This article presents an overview of preclinical studies and clinical trials of a number of
independently derived farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs). Potential targets and biological …

RAS has been shown to increase radiation resistance. Upstream and downstream pathways
from RAS could thus be targets for manipulation of radiosensitivity. EGFR expression and …

Previously, we have demonstrated that deoxycholic acid (DCA)-induced signaling of
extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in primary hepatocytes is a …