The theoretical foundations of understanding psychiatric disorders are undergoing changes.
Explaining behaviour and neuroendocrine cell communication leaning towards immunology …

Histamine (HA), a biogenic monoamine, exerts its pleiotropic effects through four H1R–H4R
histamine receptors, which are also expressed in brain tissue. Together with the projections …

Olfactory loss accompanies at least 139 neurological, somatic, and congenital/hereditary
conditions. This observation leads to the question of whether these associations are …

The history of narcolepsy research began with the pioneering work of Jean-Baptiste-
Édouard Gélineau in the late 19th century. In the 1880s, Gélineau introduced the term …

Study Objectives: Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is an autoimmune disease caused by the
selective immune attack against orexin-producing neurons. However, the pathophysiology …

Since the discovery of orexin/hypocretin, numerous studies have accumulated evidence
demonstrating its key role in various aspects of neuromodulation, including addiction …

Introduction The diagnostic process for idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) is complex due to the
diverse aetiologies of daytime somnolence, ambiguous pathophysiological understanding …

BACKGROUND More studies explored the prevalence, causes, associated conditions, and
therapeutic strategies of narcolepsy. With an increasing focus on understanding …

Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness,
cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations, and disrupted nocturnal sleep [1, 2]. It …