Cognitive reserve is characterized by a dissociation between cognitive level and brain
structure, thereby reducing the impact of deteriorating brain structure on cognitive function …

Notwithstanding rising interest, a coherent picture of the brain's representation of two
languages has not yet been achieved. In the present meta-analysis we analysed a large …

Research on the effects of bi-and multi-lingualism on brain structure has so far yielded
variable patterns. Although it cannot be disputed that learning and using additional …

There is currently no agreement on which factor modulates most effectively and enduringly
brain plasticity in bilingual individuals. Grouping heterogeneous linguistic profiles under a …

Numerous studies have argued that bilingualism has effects on cognitive functions.
Recently, in light of increasingly mixed empirical results, this claim has been challenged …

The 21st century has seen a strong upward trajectory in empirical research on the multiple
benefits that foreign language/world language learning and bilingualism can afford to both …

A large body of research has indicated that bilingualism–through continual practice in
language control–may impact cognitive functions, as well as relevant aspects of brain …

Bilingualism has been linked to structural adaptations of subcortical brain regions that are
important for controlling multiple languages. However, research on the location and extent of …

As a result of advances in healthcare, the worldwide average life expectancy is steadily
increasing. However, this positive trend has societal and individual costs, not least because …

The association between age and language recovery in stroke remains unclear. Here, we
used neuroimaging data to estimate brain age, a measure of structural integrity, and …