The role traditionally assigned to astrocytes in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS)
lesions has been the formation of the glial scar once inflammation has subsided. Astrocytes …

The identification of the presence of active signaling between astrocytes and neurons in a
process termed gliotransmission has caused a paradigm shift in our thinking about brain …

Neuronal networks are capable of undergoing rapid structural and functional changes called
plasticity, which are essential for shaping circuit function during nervous system …

Synapses are essential components of neurons and allow information to travel coordinately
throughout the nervous system to adjust behavior to environmental stimuli and to control …

Astrocytes are non-neuronal cells that regulate synapses, neuronal circuits, and behavior.
Astrocytes ensheath neuronal synapses to form the tripartite synapse where astrocytes …

Astrocytes establish extensive networks via gap junctions that allow each astrocyte to
connect indirectly to the vasculature. However, the proportion of astrocytes directly …

Astrocyte Ca2+ signalling has been proposed to link neuronal information in different spatial–
temporal dimensions to achieve a higher level of brain integration. However, some …

Glia are as numerous in the brain as neurons and widely known to serve supportive roles
such as structural scaffolding, extracellular ionic and neurotransmitter homeostasis, and …

Upon receipt in the dorsal horn (DH) of the spinal cord, nociceptive (pain-signalling)
information from the viscera, skin and other organs is subject to extensive processing by a …

Cytokines constitute a significant portion of the immuno‐and neuromodulatory messengers
that can be released by activated microglia. By virtue of potent effects on resident and …