The spinal cord contains networks of neurons that can produce locomotor patterns. To
readily respond to environmental conditions, these networks must be flexible yet at the same …

The ability to generate and control locomotor movements depends on complex interactions
between many areas of the nervous system, the musculoskeletal system, and the …

Animals perform many stereotyped movements, but how nervous systems are organized for
controlling specific movements remains unclear. Here we use anatomical, optogenetic …

Nervous systems coordinate effectors across the body during movements. We know little
about the cellular-level structure of synaptic circuits for such body-wide control. Here we …

Rhythmic behaviors (eg, walking, breathing, and chewing) are produced by central pattern
generator (CPG) circuits. These circuits are highly dynamic due to a multitude of input they …

Locomotion in mollusc Aplysia is implemented by a pedal rolling wave, a type of axial
locomotion. Well-studied examples of axial locomotion (pedal waves in Drosophila larvae …

A multi-disciplinary look at the current state of knowledge regarding motor control and
movement—from molecular biology to robotics The last two decades have seen a dramatic …

Caspase-9 is traditionally considered the initiator caspase of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway.
In the past decade, however, other functions beyond initiation/execution of cell death have …

This review was constructed to show how the connectome has evolved in motor command
systems from simple command elements to complex systems of neurons utilizing parallel …

In tetrapods, limb and axial movements are coordinated during locomotion. It is well
established that inter-and intralimb coordination show considerable variations during …